Learning and Instructional Theories Examples

1. Constructivism

• Constructivism
  • Definition (APA)
  • Examples of teaching strategies applying constructivism

• Social Constructivism
  • Social Constructivism explained for Graduate Student Instructors
  • Akpan, V.I., Igwe, U.A., Mpamah, I.B.I., & Okoro, C.O. (2020).Social Constructivism:
    Implications on teaching and learning. British Journal of Education, 8(8), 49-55.
    https://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/Social-Constructivism.pdf

• Sociocultural Learning
  • Peer, K. S., & McClendon, R. C. (2002). Sociocultural Learning Theory in Practice:
    Implications for Athletic Training Educators. Journal of athletic training, 
    37(4 Suppl), S136–S140. 
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164414/
  • Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Learning Theory explained 

• Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory
  • Example Studies in Nursing:
  • Burke, & Mancuso, L. (2012). Social cognitive theory, metacognition,
    and simulation learning in nursing education. 
    The Journal of Nursing Education, 51(10), 543–548.
    https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20120820-02
  • ​Lin. (2016). Impact of nurses’ cross-cultural competence on nursing
    intellectual capital from a social cognitive theory perspective.
    Journal of Advanced Nursing,72(5), 1144–1154.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12901
  • Examples Studies in Medicine:
  • Horsburgh, J., & Ippolito, K. (2018). A skill to be worked at:
    using social learning theory to explore the process of learning
    from role models in clinical settings.BMC medical education, 18(1), 156.
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1251-x

• Situated Cognition
  • Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. 
    Educational researcher, 18(1), 32-42.
  • Collins, A., Brown, J. S., & Newman, S. E. (1988). Cognitive apprenticeship.
    Thinking: The Journal of Philosophy for Children, 8(1), 2-10.

• Cognitive Apprenticeship
  • Cognitive Apprenticeship explained and teaching strategies ​

• Community of Practice
  • Website further explaining Community of Practice ​

2. Cognitive Learning Theories

• Schema Theory
  • ​Schema Theory explained by cognitive psychologists

• Informational Processing Theory
  • ​What is the Information Processing Theory?

• Cognitive Load Theory
  • Example Studies in Nursing:
  • Mauldin, B. (2021). A Novel Teaching Strategy in Nursing Pharmacology:
    Learning Using Cognitive Load Theory. Nursing education perspectives, 42(6), E158-E160.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000814
  • Smith, N. E., Barbé, T., & Randolph, J. (2022). Application of the cognitive load theory
    in prelicensure nursing education: a quantitative measurement focusing on instructional design.
    International journal of nursing education scholarship, 19(1). 
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2021-0127
  • Example Studies in Medicine:
    Cramer, N., Zuckerbraun, N. S., Puller, J., Furtado, A. D., Deb, A., Dorfsman, M. L.,
    Siripong, N., Christie, M., & Tavarez, M. M. (2022). Putting Theory to Practice:
    Applying Cognitive Load Theory to Resident Medical Education. Pediatric emergency care, 38(2), e771–e775.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002371

• Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction
  • Nine events with teaching examples

• Mayer’s Theory of Multimedia Learning
  • Link to website explaining Principles of Multimedia with examples

3. Simulation Theories

• NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory
  
  Diagram of NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory
  • LN/Jeffries Simulation Framework for Simulated Participant Methodology
  • NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory: Brief narrative description
  • Example Studies in Nursing:
  • Bowden, Traynor, V., Chang, H. (Rita), & Wilson, V. (2022).
    Beyond the technology: Applying the NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory in the context of aging simulation.
    Nursing Forum (Hillsdale), 57(3), 473–479
  • Reedy, G. B. (2015). Using Cognitive Load Theory to Inform Simulation Design and Practice.
    Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 11(8), 355-360. 
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2015.05.004
  • Schroers, Ross, J. G., & Moriarty, H. (2021). Undergraduate Nursing Students and Management of Interruptions:
    Preparation of Students for Future Workplace Realities. Nursing Education Perspectives, 42(6), 350–357. 
    https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000886
  • Bowden, Traynor, V., Chang, H. (Rita), & Wilson, V. (2022). Beyond the technology:
    Applying the NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory in the context of aging simulation.
    Nursing Forum (Hillsdale), 57(3), 473–479
    https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12687

4. Adult Learning Theories

• Adult Learning
  • ​Five Pillar of Adult Learning Theory
  • Four Assumptions of Adult Learning

• From Novice to Expert
  • Benner, P. (1982). From novice to expert. American Journal of Nursing, 82(3), 402-407.
    https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/from-novice-to-expert/

5. Motivational Learning Theories

• Motivation activates and sustains behavior toward a goal. Therefore, motivation is a crucial component of learning and is involved in the performance of all learned responses. Intrinsic motivation describes doing an
  activity for the satisfaction of self without any external anticipation (i.e., challenge, fun, curiosity). On the other hand, external motivation describes something done for external purposes (i.e., reward, pressure, compulsion).
• Motivation to Learn: An overview
• Motivational Learning Theories and Their Application
• Gormley, D. K. , Colella, C. & Shell, D. L. (2012). Motivating Online Learners Using Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction Motivational Theory and Distributed Scaffolding. Nurse Educator, 37 (4), 177-180. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0b013e31825a8786.Motivating Online Learners Using Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction Motivational Theory, and Distributed Scaffolding

• Self-Efficacy
  • APA’s description of self-efficacy ​

• Self-Determination
  • ​Center for Self-Determination Theory 
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and wellbeing. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 416–436). Sage Publications Lt
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n21
  • Example Studies in Nursing:
  • Díaz-Agea, Pujalte-Jesús, M. J., Leal-Costa, C., García-Méndez, J. A., Adánez-Martínez, M. G., & Jiménez-Rodríguez, D. (2021). Motivation: bringing up the rear in nursing education. Motivational elements in simulation. The participants’ perspective. Nurse Education Today, 103, 104925–104925.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104925

• Attribution Theory
  • Explanation, Application and Example 
  • Three factor influencing person’s decision

6. Other Theories

• Grounded Theory
  • Grounded Theory
  • Grounded theory research: A design framework for novice researchers
  • Example Studies in Nursing
  • Hood, & Copeland, D. (2021). Student Nurses’ Experiences of Critical Events in the Clinical Setting: A Grounded Theory. Journal of Professional Nursing, 37(5), 885–893. 
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.07.007
  • Aller. (2020). A Contemporary Model for Undergraduate Nursing Education: A Grounded Theory Study. Nurse Educator, 46(4), 250–254.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000933
  • Miles. (2018). Simulation Learning and Transfer in Undergraduate Nursing Education: A Grounded Theory Study. The Journal of Nursing Education, 57(6), 347–353. 
    https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20180522-05 

• Transformative Learning Theory
  • Example Studies in Nursing:​
  • Tsimane, & Downing, C. (2020). A model to facilitate transformative learning in nursing education. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(3), 269–276.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.04.006 
  • Tsimane, & Downing, C. (2020). Transformative learning in nursing education: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(1), 91–98.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.12.006  
  • Cernusca, D., Thompson, S. & Riggins, J. (2018). Learning Sterile Procedures Through Transformative Reflection. Nurse Educator, 43 (6), 330-333. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000491.
  • Example Studies in Medicine:
  • Vipler, B., Knehans, A., Rausa, D., Haidet, P., & McCall-Hosenfeld, J. (2021). Transformative Learning in Graduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review. Journal of graduate medical education, 13(6), 801–814
    https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-21-00065.1

• Experiential Learning Theory 
  • Example Studies in Nursing:
  • Sanderson, Mirza, N., & Correale, H. (2020). Indigenous Land-Based Experiential Learning in Nursing Education. The Journal of Nursing Education, 59(12), 721–721. ​
    https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20201118-12
  • McGuire, Goldstein, C., Claywell, L., & Patton, R. (2017). Analysis of Student Reflections of Experiential Learning in Nursing Health Policy Courses. Nurse Educator, 42(2), 95–99. 
    https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000321
  • de Oliveira, Prado, M. L. do, Kempfer, S. S., Martini, J. G., Caravaca-Morera, J. A., & Bernardi, M. C. (2015). Experiential learning in nursing consultation education via clinical simulation with actors: Action research. Nurse Education Today, 35(2), e50–e54.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.12.016
  • Lisko, & O’Dell, V. (2010). Integration of theory and practice: experiential learning theory and nursing education. Nursing Education Perspectives, 31(2), 106–108.​

• Invitational Learning Theory
  • Example Studies in Nursing:
  • ​Watts, & Hodges, H. F. (2021). Using Invitational Theory to Examine Nursing Students’ Experiences of Their Learning Environment. Nursing Education Perspectives, 42(6), 365–370.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000865